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在这里我们定义视野（FOV）通过探测器尺寸和显微镜目标，和照明领域（FOI）relative to the detector and in the image plane.
In a microscope system, the camera is coupled via a C-mount adapter and located in a primary image plane (PIP). The PIP is our reference for the definition of FOV and FOI.
在PIP中，FOV定义为X和Y尺寸中的图像传感器的范围。对于一致性，我们将FOI定义为PIP中的照明程度。这方便，因为我们可以轻松地计算两者之间的重叠。
As mentioned above, it is common to match FOV and FOI, but with active illumination other factors such as Power Density (PD) or Resolution may also be important considerations.Mosaic配备2倍变焦激光准直器，以便您可以为PD交易FOI。
在dominat荧光显微镜的分辨率ed by the objective lens which both illuminates and images the specimen. The objective numerical aperture (NA) and the wavelength of detected light (?) define Resolution, RXY by the Raleigh criterion as follows:
rxy = 0.61 *？/ na;
在下面的表格中，Rxy计算了一系列物镜？= 500 nm。
| 倍率（浸渍介质） | 数值孔径 | Rxy（μm） |
| 20 (air) | 0.6 | 0.51 |
| 40（空中） | 0.8 | 0.38 |
| 40 (WI) | 1.0 | 0.30 |
| 60（WI） | 1.1 | 0.28 |
| 60（油） | 1.4 | 0.22 |
| 100（油） | 1.4 | 0.22 |
1/RXY is a good approximation of the maximum spatial frequency in the image. To capture all information in the image (e.g. with a CCD detector) we must sample at frequency F to avoid “aliasing errors”. This is known as theNyquist criterion：
Sampling frequency, F = 2/(RXY)
通过MO的客观放大率转换为PIP，我们可以计算满足Nyquist标准所需的传感器像素大小：
2 * Px = MO * RXY
根据申请要求，使用100倍的客观镜头可能或可能不需要奈奎斯特，我们看到NEO，CLARA，IXON3 885和LUCA R都能够实现奈奎斯特标准：2 * PX =22μm。虽然在60x 1.4 na，只有neo和clara可以提供足够小的像素。
MicroPoint和Frappa使用高斯激光束和高斯光束保持高斯的高斯，具有理论最小聚焦点直径的？，在哪里？是波长。只有在准直的激光束填充物镜孔径时才能实现这一点。
raleigh标准的以下变化为照明系统的空间分辨率Sxy提供了定义：
SXY = 1.22 ?f/D; f = focal length of objective,
D is beam diameter.
这是显微镜可以解析的最小物体的尺寸，有时称为衍射极限，并且也是可以聚焦的直接光束的准直光束的最小斑点的直径。现场的形状是通风盘或光点扩散功能，PSF，系统的特性。
| 倍率（浸渍介质） | 数值孔径 | SXY (µm) |
| 20 (air) | 0.6 | 1.02 |
| 40（空中） | 0.8 | 0.76 |
| 40 (WI) | 1.0 | 0.6 |
| 60（WI） | 1.1 | 0.56 |
| 60（油） | 1.4 | 0.44 |
| 100（油） | 1.4 | 0.40 |
The table above shows the approximate theoretical smallest spot sizes for a perfect microscope.
从光束功率和面积的比率估计样品平面中的功率密度，PD。显微镜目标中的光谱传输和色差对性能至关重要。为了估计样品平面PD，马赛克输出光束功率密度乘以放大率的平方和系统光谱传输，T（？）。
PDS = PDD * MO2 * T（？）
Channelrhodopsin2 (ChRh2) is a light activated cation channel which can be expressed in neurons and used to control behavior in host organisms, including mice, c. elegans and drosophila. Stimulation with blue light (~470 nm), the power density, for photo-activation of ChRh2 is in the range 0.1-10 mW mm-2 and has a wide dynamic range.
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